BODHI International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science
சங்க இலக்கிய எட்டுத்தொகை நூல்களுள் ஒன்று ஐங்குறுநூறு ஆகும். இந்நூல் மருதம், நெய்தல், குறிஞ்சி, முல்லை, பாலை என்று ஐந்திணையாகப் பகுக்கப்பட்டு உள்ளன. ,e;epiyapy; ‘Iq;FEW}w;wpy; ePh; epy Nkyhz;ik’ vt;thW mike;Js;sJ vd;gijg;gw;wp Muha;tNj ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. மேலாண்மை என்பது மேலாண்மை செய்தல் அல்லது மேலாளுதல் என்பதாகும். ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட பணியைச் செய்வதற்குப் பணியாளா்களைக் கொண்டு அமைக்கப்படும் ஓா் அமைப்பே மேலாண்மை எனப்படும். ஒரு நாடு வளா்ச்சி அடைய வேண்டும் என்றால் அந்நாட்டில் வசிக்கும் மக்கள் அனைவரும் கடின உழைப்பில் ஈடுபடுதல் வேண்டும். நெல் பயிர்கள் செல்வச் செழிப்பாக அதிகமான விளைச்சல் பெற வேண்டும். பொன் பெருகி வளமை நிறைந்ததாக இருக்க வேண்டும். அவ்வாறு நெல்வளம் பெருகும் நிலையில் நிலம் பாதுகாக்கப்பட வேண்டும். வயல்வெளிகளில் அதிகமாக விளைந்து இருக்கும் நெற்கதிர்களின் வளா்ச்சியைப் பார்த்து வறுமையில் வாடக்கூடிய இரவலர்கள் ஒரு சிலா் விளைச்சல் செய்யும் நிர்வாகத்தினரிடம் வந்து பொருள் வேண்டும் என்று நிற்கச் செய்கிறார்கள் mt;tifapy; ஐங்குறுநூற்றில் உள்ள மருதத் திணையில் பதிவு செய்யப்பெற்றுள்ள நீர் மற்றும் நில மேலாண்மையை நெல் பயிரிடுதல், அதை வறுமையில் வாடக்கூடிய மக்களுக்கு கொடுத்தல், கரும்பு விளைதல், வெள்ளப் பெருக்கு ஏற்படுதுதல் என்பதைப் பற்றி இக்கட்டுரையின் வாயிலாக அறியமுடிகிறது.
Copyright (c) 2026 பி. சந்தனமாரி https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
பதிற்றுப்பத்து என்பது சங்க இலக்கியப் புதையல்களுள் ஒன்று. மானுடவியல் நோக்கில் ஆராயும் பொழுது சங்ககால மக்களின் வாழ்வியல், சமூக அமைப்பு, பண்பாட்டு மரபு, பொருளாதாரம் போன்றவைகள் வெளிப்படுகின்றன. இருப்பினும் இந்நூல் இலக்கியப் படைப்பாக மட்டுமல்லாமல் சங்ககால மக்களின் வாழ்வுகளை வெளிப்படுத்தும் மானுடவியல் ஆவணமாகவும் மனித வாழ்வின் பல்வேறு பரிமாணங்களை வெளிப்படுத்தும் வரலாற்றுச் சான்றாகவும் விளங்குகின்றன. அதன் அடிப்படையில் சேர மன்னர்களின் வெற்றிச்சிறப்பு, கொடை த்தன்மை, வீரம், இசை மற்றும் உணவு பற்றிய செய்திகளைக் காண்பது ஆய்வின் நிலைக்களமாக அமைகின்றது.
Copyright (c) 2026 மு.சி.ராஜசீமா https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
எட்டுத்தொகையில் பியர்ஸ்-ன்குறியியல் கோட்பாடு
அகன்ற இப்பிரபஞ்சத்தில் ஏதேனும் ஓர் உயிருள்ள அல்லது உயிரற்ற பொருளின் பண்பைக்குறிக்கும் படிமம் (iஉழn), ஒரு தனியனைச் சுட்டிக் காட்டும், ஒரு சுட்டுக்குறி (iனெநஒ) ஆகியன ஒருகுறியீட்டின் முக்கிய அம்சங்களாக அமைகின்றன. இதனைக் குறிக்கும் வகையில் மேலைநாட்டு அறிஞரான பியர்ஸ் தனது குறியியல் பற்றியக் கோட்பாட்டினை முன்வைக்கிறார். பியர்ஸ் குறிகளின் வகைகளை “இருபத்தேழு” வகையாக வகுத்துள்ளார். பின் அவ்வகையிலிருந்து சிறப்பான ஒன்பது வகைகளை தோ்ந்தெடுத்து பிரித்து அடையாளங்கண்டுள்ளார். ஒவ்வொரு குறியீடுகளும் ஒரு தனித்துவமான அடையாளப் பண்புகளைக் கொண்டும் விளங்குகிறது என்கிறார் பியர்ஸ்குறி என்பது மூன்று வகையினங்களில் பங்கேற்கக் கூடியது என்று குறியின்வகைகளை மூன்று வகையாகக் குறிப்பிடுகிறார். சங்ககால அகத்திணை பாடல்களில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க நற்றிணை, கலித்தொகை, ஐங்குறுநூறு ஆகியவற்றின் நெய்தல் திணைகளில் பேசப்பட்டுள்ள குறியீட்டு மொழிகளைப் பற்றி விரிவாக இவ்இயலில் அறியமுடிகிறது. குறியீட்டின் அடையாளப்பண்புகளை சொற்குறி, ஒலிக்குறி, படக்குறி, பொருட்குறி என நான்கு வகையாக வகைப்படுத்துகிறார்.
Copyright (c) 2026 பா.பாண்டிச்செல்வி https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
இந்த ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரை தலித் பெண்ணியக் கோட்பாட்டின் அடிப்படையில் பாமாவின் சங்கதி நாவலை ஆராய்கிறது. பெண்ணியம் என்பது ஆண்–பெண் சமத்துவத்தை முன்வைக்கும் சிந்தனையாக இருந்தாலும், தலித் பெண்களின் வாழ்வியல் அனுபவங்கள் பொதுப் பெண்ணியத்திலிருந்து வேறுபட்டவை என்பதை சங்கதி நாவல் தெளிவாக எடுத்துரைக்கிறது. சாதி, பாலினம், பொருளாதார, வறுமை மற்றும் சமூக அதிகார அமைப்புகள் இணைந்து தலித் பெண்களை எவ்வாறு ஒடுக்குகின்றன என்பதை இக்கட்டுரை விளக்குகிறது. பாலியல் வன்முறை, கட்டாயத் திருமணம், மனைவி மீதான வன்முறை, மன ஒடுக்குமுறை, உடை முறைகளில் விதிக்கப்படும் கட்டுப்பாடுகள் ஆபாச மொழி பயன்பாடு போன்ற வாழ்வியல் கூறுகள் பெண்ணியப் பார்வையில் பகுப்பாய்வு செய்யப்படுகின்றன. தலித் பெண்களின் வலி, எதிர்ப்பு மற்றும் உயிர்ப்புடன் கூடிய குரலைப் பதிவு செய்வதன் மூலம் பாமா தலித் பெண்ணியத்திற்கு ஒரு தனித்த அடையாளத்தை உருவாக்குகிறார் என்பதே இவ்வாய்வின் மையக் கருத்தாகும்.
Copyright (c) 2026 கி.நவீன்குமார் https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
மக்களின் வாழ்க்கைக் கூறுகளுள் ஒன்றாக விளையாட்டுத் திகழ்கின்றது. மனிதன் தன் உடல்நிலை, மனநிலை ஆகிய இரண்டினையும் சீராக வைத்துக் கொள்ள விளையாட்டுக்கள் பயன்படுகின்றன. சிறுவர் முதல் முதியவர் வரை அனைத்து மக்களும் விளையாடும் வகையில் விளையாட்டுக்கள் உள்ளன. விளையாட்டு ஆரோக்கியமான எலும்புகள் மற்றும் தசைகளை உருவாக்குகிறது. உடற்திறனை அதிகரிக்கிறது. தூக்கத்தை மேம்படுத்துகிறது. தன்னம்பிக்கையை அதிகரிக்கிறது. உடல்பருமனாகும் அபாயத்தைக் குறைக்கிறது. மன அழுத்தத்தைக் குறைக்கிறது. உடலில் இரத்த ஓட்டத்தை சீராக்குகிறது. புத்துணர்ச்சி கிடைக்கின்றது. தலைமைப்பண்பு வளர்கிறது. உடலினை உறுதிசெய்கின்றது. இவ்வாறு பல்வேறு நன்மைகள் விளையாடுவதினால் கிடைக்கின்றது. நெய்தல் நில மக்கள் திணை சார்ந்தும் பொழுதுபோக்கிற்காகவும் பல்வேறு விளையாட்டுக்களை விளையாடியுள்ளனர் என்பதனை சங்க இலக்கியங்களின் வழி அறியமுடிகின்றது. சங்க இலக்கிய நெய்தல் திணையில் மறைத்தாடல், தாயம், அலவன் ஆட்டம், சிற்றில் இழைத்தல், சிற்றில் சிதைத்தல், வண்டற்பாவை, நீராடல், ஓரையாடுதல், கானலாடல், எண்ணிவிளையாடல், ஊசல் ஆடல், ஆகிய விளையாட்டுகள் பயின்று வந்துள்ளமையை அறியமுடிகின்றது. நெய்தல் நில மக்கள் அஃறிணை உயிரினையும் தன் உடன் பிறந்ததாகக் கொள்ளும் உயரிய குணம் படைத்தவர்கள் என்பதனை அறியமுடிகின்றது. நெய்தல் நில மக்களிடம் ‘தாயம்’ என்னும் விளையாட்டினை விளையாடும் வழக்கம் இருந்ததனையும் தாயம் என்பதற்கு ‘ஆயம்’ என்ற பெயர் சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் சுட்டப்பட்டுள்ளதையும் அறியமுடிகின்றது. நெய்தல் நில மக்களின் விளையாட்டுகளில் முதன்மை இடத்தை அவலன் ஆட்டல் என்னும் விளையாட்டு பிடித்துள்ளதையும் இவ்விளையாட்டை பெரும்பாலும் பெண்கள் விளையாடியுள்ளனர் என்பதும் புலனாகின்றது. சிற்றில் இழைத்தல் என்னும் சிறுவீடு கட்டி விளையாடும் விளையாட்டு நெய்தல் நில மக்களிடம் காணப்பட்டதனையும் இன்று குழந்தைகள் வினையாடும் விளையாட்டாக இருக்கும் இவ்விளையாட்டு சங்க காலத்தில் இளம் பெண்கள் விளையாடும் விளையாட்டாக இருந்தனையும் உணரமுடிகின்றது. நெய்தல் நில மகளிர் மண்ணால் செய்யப்பட்ட பாவையை வைத்து விளையாடியுள்ளனர் என்பதனையும் அப்பாவையைத் தன் குழந்தை போல பாவித்து பாதுகாக்கின்றனர் என்பதனையும் அறிந்து கொள்ள முடிகின்றது.
Copyright (c) 2026 சு.முத்துசிதம்பரபாரதி https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
அகத்தியத்தின் வழித்தொல்காப்பியரால் உருவாக்கப்பட்டது தொல்காப்பியம். இஃது இலக்கண நூல்களுள் முதன்மை வாய்ந்தது. அதில் இடம்பெறும் இலக்கணச்சுவை சொல்லவொண்ணாத் தொன்மை வாய்ந்தது. அகத்தியரின் மாணாக்கர்களில் தலைசிறந்த மாணாக்கன் தொல்காப்பியர் ஆவார். காப்பியக் குடியில் பிறந்த இவரின் சிறந் தபடைப்பு தமிழின் சிறந்த இலக்கணநூலான தொல்காப்பியம் ஆகும். இதனை மூலநூலாகக் கொண்டு பின்னாளில் நன்னூல் போன்ற வழிநூல்கள் தோன்றியுள்ளன. அத்தகைய பெருமைவாய்ந்த அவ்விலக்கணச் சமுத்திரத்தில் மூழ்கி; வண்ணங்களைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து; அதனைச் சிற்றிலக்கிய வகைகளுள் ஒன்றான பிள்ளைத்தமிழில் நடப்பியல் அணுகுமுறையில் பொருத்திப் பார்க்கும் முறையே இவண் மேற்கொள்ளப்படுகிறது. தமிழியல்துறையில் காலந்தோறும் ஆய்வுகள் வளர்ந்துகொண்டே உள்ளன. ஓர் இலக்கியவகையில் இலக்கணத்தைப் பொருத்திப் பார்க்கும் முறையில் இவ்வாய்வு மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்டுள்ளது
Copyright (c) 2026 ஜெ.ெமுனாராணி https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
அறவியல் ந ோக்கில் அோிசில்கிழோர் போடல்கள்
சோன்றோன்றமயும் மோண்பும் மிக்க சங்கப் புலவர்களுள் அோிசில்கிழோர் குறிப்பிடத்தக்கவர் ஆவோர்.தோம் சோர்ந்து வோழும் வள்ளல் பபருமக்களோகிய நவந்தர்கறளயும் இனக்குழு தறலவர்கறளயும் அறவழியில் அணுகி அறவழியில் ஆட்சி பசலுத்தவும் தனிமனித ஒழுக்கம் சிறதயோமல் கோக்கவும் அவர் நமற்பகோள்ளும் முயற்சிகறள புற ோனூறு வழி கோண்பது இக்கட்டுறரயின் ந ோக்கமோகும்
Copyright (c) 2026 சு.நகோமதி அழகு https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Algorithmic Trading in Financial Markets with Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized algorithmic trading by transforming it from static, rule-based systems to adaptive and data-scented methods. This paper discusses the ways in which AI—machine learning, deep learning, neural networks, and reinforcement learning—are embedded in modern trading platforms. Findings show that AI-driven systems perform better than traditional models in pattern detection, real-time market analysis, and adaptive decision-making. They will provide more strong risk based returns and almost 70% of market volume comes from algorithmic systems. The world level algorithmic trading market, at $15.5 billion in 2021, is believed to grow at 12.2% CAGR in 2030. The advantages of very quick executions, buying and selling without emotions, and constant market watching are well understood, strong fitting to risks, unpredictable outcomes, regulations and systematic risks are present. This research says that AI will continue to reform the algorithmic trading, guiding in a kind of efficiency and effectiveness as well as new risk management requirements.
Copyright (c) 2026 T. Ponmeenatchi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study on Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Collegiate Education in Arts & Science Private Colleges in Tamil Nadu
This paper examines the multifaceted impact of Artificial Intelligence on collegiate education in arts and science private colleges in Tamil Nadu. It synthesizes recent policy drivers NEP 2020 and state-level initiatives, empirical studies from Tamil Nadu and India, and the international literature on Artificial Intelligence in higher education to map current adoption, identify perceived benefits and challenges among stakeholders students, faculty, administrators, and the propose an empirical research design to measure learning, employability, and pedagogical change. The current research findings from the literature show promise for AI-enabled personalised learning, assessment automation, and research support, but persistent barriers include uneven access, faculty readiness, and academic-integrity risks. The paper concludes with recommendations for institutional strategy, curriculum reform, faculty development, and directions for primary research in the Tamil Nadu arts and science private college’s context.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Rajeev Gandhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating Students’ Academic Proficiency using Unsupervised Learning approach for Performance Prediction
This research reports the use of unsupervised learning approach, specifically nearest centroid and connectivity clustering, with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to analyze student academic and behavioral datasets. By revealing hidden patterns without labelled outcomes, this research illustrates the potential combinations of clustering and labelling to identify at-risk learners, moderate learners and those with higher levels of success. The results suggest that unsupervised learning serves as a valuable complement to supervised learning within educational applications. By leveraging data mining strategies, these methods enable timely interventions and promote personalized learning pathways.
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Sankar Gomathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles using Abrus Precatorius Seed and Evaluation of their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities
The current study uses Abrus precatorius (AP) seed to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (AP-FeONPs) in a green way. Utilizing SEM, XRD, IR, and UV-DRS, the generated nanoparticles were characterized. Using the DPPH assay, the antioxidant activity of AP-FeONPs was evaluated using ascorbic acid as the standard and determined their IC50 values as 22.40 µg/ml (AP-FeONPs) and 10.3112 µg/ml (ascorbic acid). The bio fabricated iron oxide nanoparticles (APFeONPs) demonstrated strong antioxidant activity in comparison to ordinary vitamin C. The antibacterial properties of AP-FeONPs were assessed against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli at concentrations as high as 100μl. The results showed that, at high concentrations of 100μl, AP-FeONPs possesses significant bacterial inhibition against Bacillus Subtilis and Escherichia coli.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Sankareswari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Subversion of Socially and Historically Constructed Patriarchal Norms and Reconstruction of Female Identity in Khaled Hosseini's, A Thousand Splendid Suns
This paper argues how, since ages, women’s identities has been constructed historically and socially and are destined to be subservient or secondary to men and how in the modern time women in contrary emerge stronger and more determined to break the socially constructed gender identity by subverting it and reconstructing a female identity. The paper aims to take up the case of Afghanistan women exclusively and study their attempt to construct their identity and space, not by crossing the social norms but by staying in the same place and creating their space and identity through their silence, courage and human bond. Simon De Beauvoir states that a woman needs beyond protection and providence to be treated with respect and love and view her beyond her biological aspects. As well as they demand that women should not be force to a monotonous role of having children, caring the house and being the sexual repositories of male libido. She disclaims woman being categorised as “Other” and advocates to leave space for her development and emancipation. This paper explores this theme through the journey of two Afghanistan female characters Mariam and Leila in A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini. Despite living in a rigid social environment and social condition they both find ways by being interconnected and subverting the Patriarchal burden thrust upon them in the form of forced marriage, domestic violence and social silence. Despite many challenges, they find identity through female solidarity, courage and sacrifice. Through the lens of Simon De Beauvoir’s feminism- this paper endeavours to highlight how women are oppressed overtly and subtly by the male domination and how the modern women subvert and reconstructs her identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 K.P. Swapna Muthamil Selvi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Characters in Conflict: A Study of Intergenerational Tension in Sudha Murthy's Dollar Bahu
Literature reflects the complex nature of relationships, bonding, morals, values, and emotions over time. Demonstrating characters from various generations, literature exposes the difference they face among them. Intergenerational conflict takes place when numerous social and cultural values, experiences and expectations separate one from another. It ultimately builds a tension among them. Sudha Murthy’s Dollar Bahu depicts family relationships and the conflicts. It revolves around the characters as a part of accomplishing their individual identities. The novelist describes the gap between generations. There the elder of the family sustains traditional values, while the younger wishes for changes. In this novel, Gouramma, a character demonstrating traditional life, is in difference with the character named Jamuna. She is known for her new modern life. They response to the situation with the support of their past memories and experiences and they direct them to the decision that they take. Their culture and society, emotional demands and expectations, drive them to response to the conditions. The differences they have form conflict and tension. It pulls them to have communication problems, emotional distance and misjudgment. With these characters, writer evidently describes the intergenerational tension. With the use of Generational Cohort Theory and Family System Theory, this paper studies how the characters get into intergenerational tension. Further it examine how it disturbs their personal lives in the novel .
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Vijayalakshmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors Influencing Gold Purchase Decisions among Indian Women: A Socio-Economic Study
This study is constructed with the purpose of determining the socio-economic facets impacting on woman consumers in Virudhunagar district to buy gold. To understand the main attributions that impact on new purchase determinations a sample size of 400 rural and urban ladies has been identified as test dimension. The paper investigates the key determinants of an individual buying gold using data on economic conditions, income categories, education levels, cultural beliefs and family norms. This dichotomy between rural and urban respondents brought out the effects of socio-economic status and traditional values on individual choices. Conclusion of this study is pertinent for marketers and policy makers prepare innovative strategies accordingly in conformity with preferences and motives among varied socio-economic backgrounds. It specific to the Indian gold market throwing a perspective on consumer behavior with reference to women buyers.
Copyright (c) 2026 T. Malainambirajan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
IOT: A Catalyst for Education Innovation
Today the world is transformed into digitalized. Growth of technology is rapidly increasing and reshaping the society in various aspects. IoT stands for Internet of things. The usage of internet is widespread in our country. All the happenings in the world are captured and updated daily. The education is the basic needs of the person. The education increase the knowledge of the human. IoT in education enhances learning through increased engagement and the accessing of education is got by the human who are in remote place. IoT in education transform the conventional classrooms into a smarter place to learn. IoT has bought lot of changes in the every human being. The innovation in IoT makes the human smarter and think them in a creative way. The traditional classroom fail to satisfy the learning needs and wants of the people after the COVID 19 period.
Copyright (c) 2026 B. Maheswari G. R. Gobika Ragavi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perceived Relevance of Swayam Courses to University Curriculum and Student Outcomes in Tamil Nadu
India’s SWAYAM platform seeks to democratize access to quality higher education through MOOCs aligned with university curricula and credit transfer. Despite rapid adoption, little evidence exists on how students in Tamil Nadu perceive SWAYAM’s curricular relevance and its effect on outcomes. This study surveyed 500 students using odd-numbered Likert items to assess Perceived Relevance (PRI), Institutional Support (ISI), Digital Readiness (DRI), and Student Outcomes (SOI). Four hypotheses were tested: correlation between PRI and SOI, SOI differences by usage intensity, PRI variation across disciplines, and PRI’s predictive validity beyond ISI, DRI, and controls. Reliability was strong (α = 0.93–0.96). Results revealed a significant positive PRI–SOI correlation (r = 0.603), higher SOI among frequent users (t = 15.18, p < .001), no disciplinary differences (F = 0.08, p = .989), and a robust regression model with all predictors significant. Findings highlight curricular relevance, institutional support, and digital readiness as key drivers, urging stronger credit transfer and inclusive integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Kulothungapandian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study on Customer Awareness about Certification Towards Organic Products
As more organic products are available in the Indian market place than ever before, consumers can only be expected to be knowledgeable and informed with more new organic options than conventional products that simply appear healthy or new, and all this variety of products and claims lends its self to not evaluating the structure of their claims and legality. As difficult as this might be, is sometimes can be easily ways to help consumers decide whether what they are looking at is organic. When it comes to organic certification there are symbols that appear on products that stood with certification organizations. Consumers can routinely take a peek at the symbols and explore whether the original source or true the product was comprised of organic really means something or not. Organic certification that exists for certification for organic agricultural producers or organic food producers. In general, ANY food producer, from a seed supplier or grower/farmer, food processor, affected trader, or distributor, or a restaurant can certify themselves as organic. For organic products and producers relative to National standards for Organic Production, the certifying body is the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority of India (APEDA). The organic products certified by the India accredited certification bodies that discharge India Organic certification mark are well accepted in many importing countires. Typically organic food products that are produced in India and exported will carry the India Organic certification designation mark by the APEDA producer. It has approved 11 certifying agencies for inspections, including some subsidiary agencies of foreign certifying agencies and some local certifying agencies. The current research paper presents the current status of consumer awareness toward certification of organic products in Virudhunagar District.
Copyright (c) 2026 E. Kiruthika A. A. Magesan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Manushya Vs. Yantra Maruthuvan: The Mental Health Drama
The AI therapist (Yantra Maruthuvan) is a new competitor to the traditional human counsellor (Manushya Maruthuvan) in the growing medical system. This paper comprises of benefits, drawbacks, and possible results of both approaches. While Manushya Maruthuvans offer evidence-based care, adoring connection, and considerate understanding, Yantra Maruthuvans provide advantages like consistent availability, cost-effectiveness, and privacy. This paper compares these methods to show how crucial it is to create a hybrid model that combines human understanding with technological innovation in order to effectively and ethically address a range of mental health needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. Kavitha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Employability and its Influence on Higher Education Enrolment Decisions in Tamil Nadu
Employability has arisen as an important consideration for prospective college students making enrolment decisions in Tamil Nadu. In a time when the job market is shifting and increasing competition, students and institutions want to ensure the academics are meaningful and linked to prospective employment. This study was conducted to examine how factors of employability influence decisions made by students when enrolling in higher education, including employment opportunities, industry linkages, internship availability, skills attributes, and alumni employment. The data sources employed were self-reported measures of employability factors from fifty quantitative sample students from ten districts in Tamil Nadu, India. The structured questionnaire collected numerical scores of satisfactions with employability factors; population statistic calculations were conformed including frequency, mean square, and correlation coefficients to explain the occupied role of those satisfied employability factors with students' enrolment decisions. The findings demonstrate employability narrows options for prospective students because students are likely to pursue a discipline that has job-related prospects. The article recommends that institutions of higher education develop employability driven decision-making processes that enhance student recruitment and ensure that student employability is satisfied.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Gurusamy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of AI Powered Chatbots on Customer Satisfaction in E-Commerce – A Study of Online Shoppers in Virudhunagar District
Based on research with online shoppers, this study investigates how AI-powered chatbots affect e-commerce customer satisfaction in Tamil Nadu's Virudhunagar district. According to the findings, the majority of users regularly shop online and make use of chatbots, which they particularly appreciate for their user-friendliness and fast response times. Answer accuracy was the main issue, but there were also notable difficulties in the areas of data privacy, personalized interaction, and answer accuracy. The study comes to the conclusion that while chatbots increase service efficiency, improving their accuracy, reliability, and ability to adjust to user needs is crucial for raising customer satisfaction in emerging digital markets.
Copyright (c) 2026 R. Geetha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating the Reasons for Patients Visiting to Primary Health Centres in Sivagangai District, Tamilnadu, India
Primary Health Centres (PHCs) are the cornerstone of rural health care in India, providing preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative services. Understanding why patients seek care at PHCs is essential for tailoring services, optimizing resource allocation, and improving health outcomes. This study evaluates the reasons patients visit PHCs in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu, with the aim of identifying service gaps and informing local health policy. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted across a representative sample of PHCs in Sivaganga district between [dates]. A systematic random sample of adult patients attending outpatient services was interviewed using a pretested structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, presenting complaints, reasons for choosing PHC (accessibility, cost, trust, referral, emergency care, immunization, maternal-child services, chronic disease management etc.), perceived quality of care, travel time and cost, and prior service utilization. Data were entered and analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine frequency distributions and chi-square tests to examine associations between reasons for visit and demographic variables. Ethical clearance and informed consent were obtained prior to data collection.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Ramamoorthy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study on Issues in the Arts and Science Colleges for First Generation Learners in Virudhunagar District
First Generation Learners experience unique challenges socially, academically and financially as the first in their family to pursue Higher Education. First generation learners often meet challenges in the arts and science colleges in the Virudhunagar district, including lack of parental supervision, financial restrictions, academic unpreparedness inherent in the challenges of first generation learning, and a lack of exposure and resources. The entry of first generation learners into higher education involves linguistic and cultural barriers as well. Despite institutional networks of support and encouragement and government schemes, issues of confidence, resilience, attitude and career guidance continue to emerge for first generation learners. This study focuses on the challenges these learners face from educational, socioeconomic, and psychological perspectives with its emphasis on improving educational good practice. Additionally, this study focuses on ways in which institutions can help them overcome these by providing skill development, counselling, and mentoring opportunities. The aim of this study is for educational leaders and policymakers to inform evidence based practice and develop targeted interventions to support first generation learners in succeeding academically and improving their economic circumstances.
Copyright (c) 2026 P. Mathivathana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EEVR: Improving Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Void Routing Algorithm
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have recently gained popularity owing to developments in ICT and electronics. A network of sensor nodes (SN) or motes carefully deployed in a specific area detects any continually changing physical phenomena. These petite SNs gather and evaluate data before sending it to a base station or sink via radio frequency (RF). The small size of these sensors enables easy integration into any device or setting. Greedy Forwarding (GF) is a lightweight and effective routing technique for WSNs frequently used in data monitoring. The network lifespan reduces the likelihood of encountering a routing vacuum without adding complexity to the protocol; the ideal method is to search for the optimum commutation radius, which puts the network in the best condition. This research proposes Greedy Routing-based Energy Efficient in WSN using void routing algorithm (EEVR) to attain the maximum energy efficiency during routing maintenance. EEVR method increases the lifetime of WSNs. The proposed EEVR is simulated using the NS2 Simulation tool with SN and deployment region. Performance measures for the EEVR include network energy, packet delivery ratio, network energy consumption, throughput, and communication overhead.
Copyright (c) 2026 N. Amutha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Senescence as a Paradigm of Disability in George R. R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire
Literature is uniquely powerful. The ability to totally immerse the reader in the emotions and feelings of others is what makes literature so uniquely potent. Literature with ageing themes or protagonists can foster a better understanding of ageing. Gerontological works, be they novels, essays, or short stories, like any other literary genre, can inspire the reader and instil unexpected insights or perspectives, though creativity has a serendipitous element. Much of the literature on ageing overemphasises the losses and negative aspects of later life, while paying far less attention to the potential for growth and change. It’s a recent trend that the term ‘disability’ is often used to label the group of biologically anomalous people, including those at their senescence, as socially unproductive. This stereotyping of age-old people is a result of their gerontological ailments and social unproductiveness, which can lead to a stereotyping of them in the name of ‘ageism’. In George R. R. Martin’s collection of novels, A Song of Ice and Fire, both the agonies and laurels of the age-old are described at the same pace through many characters. He brings in numerous age-old characters who are valued and devalued by society. This paper envisages the concrete possibility of subverting the notion of power in society, where, at present, the aged are treated as disabled; rather, they are the abled section of social life with their own existential peculiarities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhanya Alphonsa Chacko, Cheryl Davis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Women Entrepreneurship in India: Challenges and Contribution in Economic Growth
Women entrepreneurs in India represent a rapidly growing but under-leveraged segment of the national economy. This study examines the dual role of women’s entrepreneurship: the obstacles that constrain women-led business formation and growth, and the contributions these ventures make to employment, income generation, innovation, and inclusive economic development. Drawing on a synthesis of contemporary literature, policy documents, and secondary datasets, the paper identifies structural and cultural barriers - limited access to formal finance, skills and training gaps, restrictive social norms, weak market linkages, and inadequate supportive infrastructure - that disproportionately affect women founders. Despite these constraints, evidence shows that women-led enterprises promote diversification of local economies, create resilient livelihoods, foster value-chain linkages in key sectors, and contribute to poverty reduction and gender-equitable growth. The analysis highlights how targeted interventions - improved access to credit and mentorship, gender-sensitive business support services, favourable regulatory reforms, and stronger networks - can unlock significant economic benefits. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for governments, financial institutions, and development agencies to scale enabling ecosystems that amplify the impact of women entrepreneurs, thereby strengthening India’s broader economic growth and social inclusion objectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. Mariappan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Understanding the Politics of Hagsploitation: A Reading of Select Horror Narratives of 20th Century
There have always been undeniable gaps between the experiences of women from all over the world. Across continents, within countries, in states earmarked for select population, experiences have been different. Hence, apparently it has not left much room for homogenous studies of female experience. It further gets complicated as female experiences vary in terms of their respective representational politics. In the association of ageing female with narratives of horror resides the crux of literary hagsploitation. This paper explores through select Bengali short stories, how literature deals with female ageism and the horror it harbours within. It is important to trace the course of female ageing to understand how it operates on individual as well as their collective existence. Despite certain common grounds identified by the First and Second waves of Feminism, a pressing need was felt to make distinct spaces for Womanism and postcolonial feminism to develop as independent feminist movements. In this paper, select feminist ideas of Barbara Creed, Simon de Beauvoir and Julia Kristeva will be focussed on with relevant references to other theorists.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ritushree Sengupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Customers Perception towards Core Banking Services of Public Sector Banks in Sivakasi
The foundation of any economy or financial system is the banking industry. Since the introduction of information and communication technology (ICT), attempts have been made to automate various banking processes through software programs to make them easier, more cost-effective, and efficient. Nowadays, most banks rely on core banking applications to manage and support their operations. Banks provide their services through multiple channels, including branches, internet banking, and automated teller machines (ATMs). The emergence of the internet and information technologies has given rise to new banking practices. Information technology has enhanced efficiency, reduced time consumption, and enabled the handling of multiple tasks simultaneously. In this context, computer software is developed to carry out key banking functions, including recording transactions, updating passbooks, calculating interest on loans and deposits, maintaining customer records, determining payment balances, and facilitating withdrawals. The software is implemented in the bank’s different branches and linked together via satellites, telephone lines, the internet, and other communication networks. The objective of the study is to analyze how customers perceive the core banking services of public sector banks in Sivakasi.
Copyright (c) 2026 K.Sadeeshkumar, M.Lakshmanakumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Hybrid Random Forest-LSTM Framework with SMOTE, Temporal Feature Engineering, and Deep Sequence Learning for Enhanced Weather Prediction
Accurate weather prediction is essential for numerous applications, including agriculture, transportation and disaster management. This study presents a comparative analysis of RF –LSTM framework that combines the strengths of classical machine learning and deep sequence learning to improve weather classification. To address class imbalance, SMOTE was applied, and temporal feature engineering, including month, day-of-week, and lag features, was used to capture sequential patterns in weather data. The Random Forest model effectively extracts structured feature patterns, whereas the LSTM model learns temporal dependencies across sequences of days. The Experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid approach outperforms the individual models in terms of accuracy and reliability. Furthermore, strategies such as feature scaling, sequence tuning, and hybrid weighting have been shown to enhance predictive performance. This study highlights the potential of integrating machine and deep learning techniques for robust weather prediction and lays the groundwork for future improvements using advanced sequence modeling and ensemble strategies.
SMOTE: Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Kaleeswari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Automated Teller Machine-A Study in the Public Sector Banks with Special Reference to Virudhunagar District
ATMs are an innovative technique for banking services. Through ATMs, customers can withdraw their money, accept deposits, book e-tickets, transfer money across accounts and purchase online, etc. The customer can access the ATM at any time at anywhere because it functioning at 24X 7 hours service. Convenient sampling methods were used for collecting the data. A scholar collected the data from 120 customers through a questionnaire in an interview schedule. The analysis was conducted through percentage analysis, mean and rank correlation.
Copyright (c) 2026 R. Selvi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study on Marketing of Medicinal Products in Sivakasi
Medicinal product is a product containing a substance or a combination of substances produced and proposed for the treatment or prevention of infections in humans or in animals, for diagnostic purposes, improvement or change of physiological functions or for succeeding other medically justified objectives. Blood and blood components anticipated to be used in transfusion shall not, under the provisions of this Law, be considered medicinal products. For a salesman, it is very tough to retain the potential buyers. The reason is the buyers are scattered and the salesman have to face a stiff competition in the market to market their Medicinal products. Recently, Doctors have in progress their own shops in their dispensaries. This is mainly due to various offers and samples being offered by the manufacturers to doctors than to chemists. In fact, it is accepted norm today. It means that if a manufacturer gives a higher margin, the turnover of the manufacturer will go up. Today doctors are not worried about brands, which are being substituted by the chemists. Rural and B class town chemists are even influencing prescribing habits in some parts of India. This is a disturbing scene and must be tackled. Henceforth, there is an imperative need to undertake a learning of this nature to find out the real causes for the problems in marketing of medicinal products and offer suitable solutions to overcome the problems identified.
Copyright (c) 2026 K. Mareeswaran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0